Spatial ability is a significant component of mathematical ability and a foundation for children to master mathematical knowledge. Although many studies have confirmed that technology can enhance children's learning, few have explored the use of technology in the area of children's spatial learning. In this study, we adopted a paradigm for…

Electronic textbooks have become a common and less expensive resource for learning. These types of books have been replacing traditional paper textbooks for over a decade, and have become popular among college students. The problem this study addressed was that students learn differently when using electronic textbooks, and the use of electronic…

Background: "Screen inferiority" refers to a well-established phenomenon observed among adults and teenagers, wherein they demonstrate higher reading comprehension when reading from paper compared to screens. However, there is limited research focusing on readers in the initial stages of reading development. The current study aims to…