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Direct linkLeslie Rutkowski; David Rutkowski – Journal of Creative Behavior, 2025
The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) introduced creative thinking as an innovative domain in 2022. This paper examines the unique methodological issues in international assessments and the implications of measuring creative thinking within PISA's framework, including stratified sampling, rotated form designs, and a distinct…
Descriptors: Creativity, Creative Thinking, Measurement, Sampling
Mark Bray; Abdel Rahamane Baba-Moussa – Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2025
This paper examines and builds on an earlier contribution to this journal focusing on private supplementary tutoring -- widely known as shadow education -- in Francophone West and Central Africa. Drawing on wider literature about research methods in this domain, it examines the basis for the numerical estimates presented in the original article…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Tutoring, Supplementary Education, Private Education
