Self-directed learning enables students to take charge of their educational journey by selecting their own paths, thereby fostering intrinsic motivation. Traditional educational models often rely on extrinsic motivators like grades and rewards, whereas self-directed approaches emphasize personal satisfaction and curiosity. Review of existing…

The community of inquiry (CoI) framework identifies three essential elements--social, cognitive, and teaching presences--that are crucial for fostering a successful online learning experience. This study utilized the CoI framework to examine whether differences existed in students' perceived CoI presences between online and face-to-face sections…