Generative artificial intelligence (AI) offers new opportunities for history education, such as the ability to chat with historical figures. However, little is known about pupils' interaction with AI applications such as ChatGPT. A qualitative case study was conducted to explore how pupils (n = 21, year nine, fourteen years old) interacted with…

Associations between language and space are of central interest for grounded models of language comprehension. Various studies show that reading words such as "bird" or "shoe" results in faster responses toward the typical location of the corresponding entity (e.g., after "bird", upward responses are faster than…

According to the principle of inverse effectiveness (PIE), weaker responses to information in one modality (i.e., unisensory) benefit more from additional information in a second modality (i.e., multisensory; Meredith & Stein, 1986). We suggest that the PIE may also inform whether perceptual fluency affects judgments of learning (JOLs). If…

In 2015, the "Programme for International Student Assessment" (PISA) introduced multiple changes in its study design, the most extensive being the transition from paper- to computer-based assessment. We investigated the differences between German students' text responses to eight reading items from the paper-based study in 2012 to text…

Automatic coding of short text responses opens new doors in assessment. We implemented and integrated baseline methods of natural language processing and statistical modelling by means of software components that are available under open licenses. The accuracy of automatic text coding is demonstrated by using data collected in the "Programme…