This article illustrates the theoretical and empirical basis of cognitive strategy instruction and compares this basis to major principles of constructivism. Illustrations of self-instructional and other cognitive strategy instruction models are presented in the areas of reading comprehension, written language, and memory. Maintenance,…

Before the cognitive shift in educational psychology, research on teaching practices that brought about desired student outcomes were dominated by the process-product research program, a confirmative approach in which researchers attempt to discover relationships between teaching behaviors (the process) and learning outcomes of students (the…