Background: "21st century learning" is reliant on not only cognitive competencies such as problem-solving, but also interpersonal (e.g., collaboration) and intrapersonal (e.g., self-regulation) competencies. Building on research in K-12/undergraduate contexts, we investigated cognitive, interpersonal, and intrapersonal learning tactics…

The present study examined how information about different grading systems affects students' course expectations, particularly in ways that may have downstream consequences for learning and other academic outcomes. In an online experiment using a preregistered design, we prompted two samples of current and recent college students (N = 547) with a…