Research indicates that numerous variables impact a leader's effectiveness. In this study, the authors explore leadership effectiveness in driving change and innovation, along with the precursory skills necessary to do so. The findings confirm previously identified low rates of organizational success with change and point to skill deficiencies as…

Senge states that knowledge-based organizations require distributed leadership based on philosophy, attitudes and beliefs, skills and capabilities, and tools (artifacts). McLagan replies that his assertions require deeper, more soulful reflection to bring the concept to life. (SK)

Interviews with managers caught between traditional organizational culture and a shift to "learning organizations" show that individual development is important to organizational change; efforts to change managers to fit a culture defined by top management may not succeed if the vision is not shared; and spiritual and moral dimensions of…