School board and community have only two ways to achieve accountability: by prescribing teaching methodology and establishing expensive supervisory superstructure to enforce it; or by establishing desired learning outcome standards and products and requiring professional staff to develop plans to achieve them and criteria to evaluate results.…

This report describes a practicum project that attempted to develop a management by objectives (MBO) model appropriate for use in the Newington (Connecticut) public school system and to train selected Newington administrators in the use of this management system. The Newington MBO model was designed to cope with a number of existing problems in…

In the New York City high schools, three change strategies have been used to improve a system which, in and by itself, is dramatically changing. The high school system has undergone significant changes in purpose, organization, culture and student performance. The first change strategy established a partnership between the high schools and the…

This book is intended to serve as a practical guidebook for school administrators who wish to implement a management-by-objectives (MBO) system in their school or school system. The author discusses the key factors necessary for a successful MBO system and explains how to apply them most effectively. An attempt is made to present a thorough,…

The work presented in this monograph is the author's own attempt to piece together a representative review of the literature on educational accountability; this attempt admittedly overlooks many works, does not always offer "the best" works (simply representative ones), and is patterned after the author's own observations of what is…

This report describes and assesses seven school-based planning projects to raise student achievement levels in the New York City Public Schools. Based on the principles of organizational development, the projects are: 1) the Renewal Program, a planning partnership between several high schools and the Economic Development Council, a nonprofit…