This essay seeks to emphasize the relationship in Kenya between primary education and politics, in the context of local control through elected County Councils over primary education. It looks at the costs of primary education, including political and social costs, in terms of their effects on local government and on the relationship between local…

This paper measures the effects on student outcomes of decentralizing educational responsibility to communities and schools. In El Salvador, community-managed schools emerged during the 1980s when public schools could not be extended to rural areas because of the country's civil war. In 1991, El Salvador's Ministry of Education decided to draw on…