Traditionally, the Nordic curriculum has been viewed as a document with school subjects in focus. This article reports on how two national curricula function as instruments for governing education and explores the possible differences in how national curricula govern education. This investigation was carried out by researching curricula for…

A recognized expert on Planning, Programing, Budgeting Systems presents an overview of this management tool as it relates to the school principal. (Editor)

This volume presents techniques and details involved in developing the management and program planning and the financial planning phases of a total planning system. Also discussed is a suggested organization for implementing a planning system. Areas emphasized under management and program planning are (1) institutional objectives, (2) planning…

Based on the belief that the popularity of accountability periodically waxes and wanes in education, this article outlines a bit of the history of the concept and defines and explains educational accountability. The author traces the roots of accountability back to the 1858 Newcastle report, the first comprehensive survey of English elementary…

This volume outlines a system for effective planning in higher education. The system integrates management and program planning, physical plant planning, and financial planning into a single process designed to support institutional management and decision making at all administrative levels. Because successful planning is a process, procedures…

By virtue of the educational process, there exists a literate electorate that wants a voice in what the educational system is producing and that knows how to articulate its demands. Schools are faced with Federal, State, and district expectations. Along with these expectations there are internal and external forces that weigh on the educational…

This document, the second of two volumes of a final report on a nongraded, phased, secondary school, presents the achievement instruments specifically developed as part of the operations research undertaken in that project. An intent of the project was to establish an acceptable procedure for developing instrumentation to support student placement…