Online learning causes teachers to be considered more active than students, so students' higher-order thinking skills decrease. Limited face-to-face learning is a new normal policy in the field of education. Learning models can be one way to recreate active learning to improve student's learning outcomes. This study determines the effectiveness of…

Many researchers have focused on online collaborative learning, cross-cultural communication, project-based learning, digital literacy, and digital storytelling but there is no pedagogical framework that incorporates these elements for English as Foreign Language (EFL) teaching. This study based on the qualitative design established a pedagogical…