This document lists several prerequisites required for reading, especially those that relate to English as a Second Language students. The prerequisites listed include; the concept of print, which discusses the importance of a student being aware that printed material conveys thought through words which are at least similar, if not identical to…

Whether IQ is or is not related to reading depends on such variables as the difficulty of the task, the time allowed for learning, the quality of instruction, and the nature of the tests used for assessing intelligence and reading. The relationship between intelligence--as assessed by an individual measuring instrument, such as the…

In this paper, Piagetian stages are discussed in relation to the internalization of key vocabulary words by children. Research studies that indicate a parallel development using Sylvia Ashton-Warner's idea of key vocabulary of children are briefly discussed. The author agrees that three studies do not completely prove a hypothesis, however they…

This paper presents a rationale for both extensive and intensive learning-to-read experiences for the gifted, arguing that gifted readers are too often left to read on their own. Three broad teaching strategies are discussed: "Helping Children Learn to Read to Learn," which discusses the reading-study skills and methods of developing an…

This paper presents the six levels of meaning in reading and discusses them in relation to the subskills which the English-as-a-second-language (ESL) reader must acquire in order to fully understand the author's message. The contents include: "Meaning," which presents the six levels of meaning--knowing, comprehending, applying,…

The Auditory Reading Development Systems (ARDS) was devised to meet the educational needs of a segment of the model cities population that had not been reached by other programs. The ARDS is geared to teach the student whose reading level is 0.0 through 3.9, then 3.9 through 6.9, then 7.0 through 8.9. The target population is reached through…

The purposes of this article are to analyze the concept of literacy in order to identify measurement problems associated with specifying each of these parameters, and to describe literacy assessment procedures now available for dealing with measurement problems. The principal focus of the paper is on the development of models for identifying…

This monograph examines reading as a cognitive process, focusing on the relationship between reading and thinking as developed in Piagetian theory. Sections of the paper provide a brief overview of Piagetian theory, pointing out its relevance for reading; examine correlational, comparative, and perceptual studies of the relationship between…

Included in this book are sections dealing with: (1) some clinical experiences with poor readers; (2) the history of the letters "H" and "T," the biology of righthandedness, the silent "E," and code vs. meaning; (3) the irregular spelling of English words and differences between vowels and consonants; (4) the silent "E" at the end of words,…

Through the meaningful interpretation of sensory data and a background in language experiences, an individual can build more effective knowledge structures. With more effective knowledge structures, one can react more discriminatingly to the written and printed word. Sound knowledge structures involve not only the ability to organize and…

The process of reading and how children learn to read is the focus of this book. Practical experience is related to studies in developmental psychology, and the special needs of individual children are also considered. The basic areas of consideration are: (1) learning theories and the reading process, (2) stages in cognitive growth and reading,…

There is mixed evidence regarding the ability of students to retain reading ability over long, non-instructional periods such as the summer recess. In some instances there are significant losses in reading ability, while in other cases the losses fail to reach significance. However, in some cases, such as with basic visual discrimination tasks,…

This paper presents the initial efforts in the development of the Prediction with Diagnostic Qualities (PDQ) instrument. The contents include: "Evidence Relating to Correlational Items," which discusses the concepts of correlation, statistical significance, and the more commonly used criteria or tests used for prediction and…

Skilled reading requires the reader to have adequate language competence and experience. As one reads, one anticipates what is written and checks one's guesses through the application of phonological, syntactic, and semantic rules. English as a Second Language (ESL) students are hindered by a different conceptual framework. For them, the…

The problem of this study was to provide for the individual differences in a heterogeneous group of students where the reading levels ranged from 2.4 to 8.1 as measured by the Iowa Test of Basic Skills. A group of 26 sixth graders were the subjects for the project. Some of the behavioral objectives for the sixth grade students in the experimental…