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Direct linkOliver Lüdtke; Alexander Robitzsch – Journal of Experimental Education, 2025
There is a longstanding debate on whether the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) or the change score approach is more appropriate when analyzing non-experimental longitudinal data. In this article, we use a structural modeling perspective to clarify that the ANCOVA approach is based on the assumption that all relevant covariates are measured (i.e.,…
Descriptors: Statistical Analysis, Longitudinal Studies, Error of Measurement, Hierarchical Linear Modeling
Bellara, Aarti P. – ProQuest LLC, 2013
Propensity score analysis has been used to minimize the selection bias in observational studies to identify causal relationships. A propensity score is an estimate of an individual's probability of being placed in a treatment group given a set of covariates. Propensity score analysis aims to use the estimate to create balanced groups, akin to a…
Descriptors: Scores, Probability, Monte Carlo Methods, Statistical Analysis
