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Ju Zhan; Qiyu Sun; Lawrence Jun Zhang – Language Teaching Research, 2024
The present study investigated the potential of writing in English as a foreign language (EFL) for language learning by manipulating cognitive task complexity based on related models and hypotheses. English essays written by 59 Chinese postgraduate EFL students from different subject areas were analysed with reference to writing complexity,…
Descriptors: Syntax, Writing (Composition), Difficulty Level, Vocabulary
Jiang, Michael Yi-Chao; Jong, Morris Siu-Yung; Lau, Wilfred Wing-Fat; Chai, Ching-Sing; Wu, Na – Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2023
Background: While automatic speech recognition (ASR) is increasingly used for commercial purposes, its influence on the learners' linguistic performance in terms of oral complexity, accuracy and fluency was under-explored. To date, few studies have been conducted to investigate how the dictation ASR technology could be incorporated into language…
Descriptors: Speech Communication, Automation, Accuracy, Language Fluency
Punyapa Boontam; Supakorn Phoocharoensil – PASAA: Journal of Language Teaching and Learning in Thailand, 2024
In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of data-driven learning (DDL) in L2 writing instruction. This paper examined whether and to what extent DDL activities could enhance the writing complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) of 30 Thai EFL learners. The presentation of DDL in this study was hands-on concordancing with the…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, English (Second Language), Data Use, Difficulty Level
Ajabshir, Zahra Fakher; Ebadi, Saman – Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 2023
This study investigates the effects of teacher-focused feedback (TF) and automatic writing evaluation (AWE) on global writing performance as well as syntactic complexity, accuracy, lexical diversity, and fluency (CALF) of English as a foreign language (EFL) learners' narrative and argumentative writings. The participants were randomly assigned to…
Descriptors: Automation, Writing Evaluation, Feedback (Response), Syntax
Teng, Mark Feng; Huang, Jing – Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 2023
Previous studies have explored the roles of metacognitive instruction and collaborative writing, separately, in English writing. Little attention has been paid to students' writing complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF). The present study aims to bridge this gap through investigating integrated writing performances based on the linguistic…
Descriptors: Metacognition, Teaching Methods, Collaborative Writing, Difficulty Level
Chaoyang Jin; Jing Yan – Language Learning Journal, 2025
This systematic review aims to explore how task complexity and task sequencing affect the complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) of second language performance. Through an analysis of studies conducted between 2012 and 2021, this review investigates the characteristics of the studies, operationalisation of task complexity, measurements of CAF,…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Difficulty Level, Language Fluency, Accuracy
Maria Mazzoli; Marta Lupica Spagnolo; Vittorio Dell'Aquila – Journal of Multilingual Theories and Practices, 2024
This article addresses key issues related to diverse cases of migration to complex multilingual environments within Europe. Data came from three case studies carried out within the scope of the MIME project: (ex-)Yugoslavian refugees to South Tyrol (Italy); Portuguese work migrants to Andorra; and international managers in Vasa (Finland). Data…
Descriptors: Migrants, Multilingualism, Sociolinguistics, Foreign Countries
Dan Wang – International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 2024
This study examines the effects of corrective feedback (CF) on language learners' writing anxiety, writing complexity, fluency, and accuracy, and compares the effectiveness of feedback from human teachers with an AI-driven application called Poe. The study included three intact classes, each with 25 language learners. Using a quasi-experimental…
Descriptors: Artificial Intelligence, Feedback (Response), Anxiety, Foreign Countries
Mahmoud Abdi Tabari – Language Learning Journal, 2024
Despite extensive research on task planning in L2 writing contexts, the optimal length of pre-task planning time remains uncertain due to varying lengths used in TBLT studies. This study aimed to address this gap by investigating the effects of different pre-task planning times (nil, 5, 10, and 15 minutes) on the argumentative writing task…
Descriptors: Planning, Time, Second Language Learning, Student Attitudes
Youness Boussaid – Australian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 2024
This paper aims to assess the knowledge of metaphor-based teaching among teachers by investigate the obstacles that hinder them from incorporating metaphor-based teaching into their instructional strategies. This study makes use of a questionnaire to collect data from EFL teachers worldwide. The results show that the difficulties most faced by…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, Foreign Countries
Golparvar, Seyyed Ehsan; Azizsahra, Mahsa – Foreign Language Annals, 2023
The impact of task complexity on integrated writing performance is under-researched. This study purports to investigate the effect of graph complexity and planning time on graph writing performance as well as graph description strategies. Ninety-six EFL learners of English were assigned into three groups to examine the effect of three planning…
Descriptors: Task Analysis, Difficulty Level, Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction
Ning Fan; Yingying Ma – SAGE Open, 2024
Researchers have been investigating the effects of different planning conditions on learners' second language (L2) writing performance. However, whether such effects differ regarding specific planning conditions and task complexity has remained underexplored. This study examined the effects of pre-task planning (PTP) versus unpressured online…
Descriptors: Writing Instruction, Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, Syntax
Ghahderijani, Behnoosh Heshmat; Namaziandost, Ehsan; Tavakoli, Mona; Kumar, Tribhuwan; Magizov, Rustem – Language Testing in Asia, 2021
This study attempted to check the impact of two dynamic assessment (DA) models on speaking CAF. DA, as opposed to static assessment, is conceived as an interactive approach to assessment that integrates teaching and testing into a unified instructional engagement. To achieve the goals of this research, a convenience sample of 90 upper-intermediate…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Alternative Assessment, Group Testing, Computer Assisted Testing
Mahmoud Abdi Tabari; Minyoung Cho – Language Teaching Research, 2025
To test the predictive power of the SSARC (stabilize, simplify, automatize, reconstruct, and complexify) model of pedagogic task sequencing in second language (L2) writing development, the present study explores the performance of written decision-making tasks with varied levels of cognitive complexity in a simple-to-complex sequence in comparison…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, Advanced Students
Tsupa, Yanina – Studies in Applied Linguistics & TESOL, 2021
Language proficiency is multi-componential in nature and, according to many SLA researchers and L2 practitioners, is best captured by the concepts of complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF). Two of the three studies reported in this paper adopted the Cognition Hypothesis (Robinson, 2003) as the means to address the question of whether increasing…
Descriptors: Language Fluency, Language Proficiency, Accuracy, Schemata (Cognition)