Examines the religious and linguistic behavior of the Murid brotherhood in Touba, Senegal. Argues that the patterns of behavior found in the community are idiosyncratic of the brotherhood and set apart Murids from other religious groups. Argues that unlike other forms of resistance against French assimilation movements, Muridism represents one of…

In two previous studies, language learner behavior in which the learner tries to underproduce a certain second-language (L2) structure is termed "avoidance." The current analysis examines whether this is an appropriate term. Avoidance is defined as a genuine strategy resulting from the learner's realization that particular forms of input…

This study investigated the kinds of knowledge and strategies beginning second-language readers used when reading texts to build their own consistent patterns of meaning and experience. Specifically, it looked at how readers' knowledge grew, where their ideas originated, and when and how their ideas were used. Subjects were five college students…