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Dunston, Yolanda L.; Patterson, Gerrelyn C.; Daniels, Kisha N. – Journal of Language and Literacy Education, 2010
This study explored the feedback provided by sixty African American mothers as they listened to their first grade children read aloud from a grade level text. Maternal feedback fell into two distinct groups. Children with higher oral reading accuracy levels on the text had mothers who more frequently waited and permitted opportunities for the…
Descriptors: Grade 1, Elementary School Students, African American Students, Mothers
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Chien, Nina C.; Mistry, Rashmita S. – Child Development, 2013
The effects of geographic variations in cost of living and family income on children's academic achievement and social competence in first grade (mean age = 86.9 months) were examined, mediated through material hardship, parental investments, family stress, and school resources. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten…
Descriptors: Geographic Location, Family Income, Economic Climate, Interpersonal Competence