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Walter Herring – Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University, 2022
Because high-stakes testing for school accountability does not begin until third grade, accountability ratings for elementary schools do not directly measure students' academic progress in grades K through 2. While it is possible that children's test scores in grades 3 and above are highly correlated with children's outcomes in the untested…
Descriptors: High Stakes Tests, Accountability, Rating Scales, School Effectiveness