Over the past 35 years, the public education system in the United States has undergone large-scale changes to improve student achievement, yet students' scores on standardized assessments have remained relatively flat (National Center for Educational Statistics, 2013). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between teachers'…

Performance gaps exist within public education between at-risk students and those students who are not classified as at-risk, particularly in the content area of mathematics. At-risk students are susceptible to academic failure due to circumstances including socio-economic status, attendance, behavioral issues, or classification in special…