The purpose of this National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Achievement Levels Validity Argument Report is to synthesize evidence currently available to address the validity of the interpretations and uses of the NAEP Achievement Levels. Validity is the extent to which theory and evidence supports or refutes proposed and enacted test…

This paper introduces an approach that uses latent class analysis to identify cut scores (LCA-CS) and categorize respondents based on context scales derived from largescale assessments like PIRLS, TIMSS, and NAEP. Context scales use Likert scale items to measure latent constructs of interest and classify respondents into meaningful ordered…

The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), often referred to as The Nation's Report Card, offers a window into the state of U.S. K-12 education system. Since 2017, NAEP has transitioned to digital assessments, opening new research opportunities that were previously impossible. Process data tracks students' interactions with the…

Objective: Students with ADHD are often provided with an extended testing time accommodation due to various skill deficits. However, little empirical work has examined the ways in which students use their extra time, if at all, and how use relates to overall performance. Further understanding of how students use this accommodation in practice can…

Over the last 20 years, many methods have been proposed to use process data (e.g., response time) to detect changes in engagement during the test-taking process. However, many of these methods were developed and evaluated in highly similar testing contexts: 30 or more single-select multiple-choice items presented in a linear, fixed sequence in…

In high-stakes, large-scale, standardized tests with certain time limits, examinees are likely to engage in either one of the three types of behavior (e.g., van der Linden & Guo, 2008; Wang & Xu, 2015): solution behavior, rapid guessing behavior, and cheating behavior. Oftentimes examinees do not always solve all items due to various…

The purpose of this article is to discuss issues of language, specifically African American Vernacular English (AAVE), as it relates to the reading performance of African American children. Previous research on the science of reading provides a research-based framework that is a starting point for evidence-based research that can be used to…

Also known as The Nation's Report Card, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is the largest nationally representative and continuing assessment of student achievement and their learning experiences in various subjects for the nation, states, and 27 urban districts. The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is currently…

This study investigates the time-use patterns of students with learning disabilities during digital mathematics assessments and explores the role of extended time accommodations (ETA) in shaping these patterns. Using latent profile analysis, four distinct time-use profiles were identified separately for students with and without ETA. "Initial…

This study explored the effectiveness of extended time (ET) accommodations in the 2017 NAEP Grade 8 Mathematics assessment to enhance educational equity. Analyzing NAEP process data through an XGBoost model, we examined if early interactions with assessment items could predict students' likelihood of requiring ET by identifying those who received…

This analysis uses the 2009-2019 NAEP mathematics data to determine whether the implementation of the Community Eligibility Provision (CEP) in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) has reduced the validity of student NSLP eligibility status as a proxy for socioeconomic status (SES) in the reporting of NAEP results. Concerns about the validity…

The problem is that translations of language in standardized mathematics tests are not provided, which reduces the achievement scores of native-Spanish-speaking English language learners (ELLs) in Grades 4 and 8. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore teachers' perceptions of language translation for the National Assessment of…

The use of mixed-format tests made up of multiple-choice (MC) items and constructed response (CR) items is popular in large-scale testing programs, including the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) and many district- and state-level assessments in the United States. Rater effects, or raters' scoring tendencies that result in…

The United States faces substantial cultural, political, and military challenges, yet remains hampered by a severely underperforming and costly system of K-12 education. Far from an unhappy accident, American school districts behave broadly as their major interest groups desire, and the demand for non-district K-12 options continues to greatly…

Drawing on the spring 2023 American Instructional Resources Survey, the authors examine teachers' use of foundational reading activities in their instruction. These activities correspond to the four foundational reading skill domains for kindergarten-through-grade-5 students that are set forth in the Common Score of State Standards: print…