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Richard L. Sparks; Abdullah Alamer – Language Teaching Research, 2025
Although researchers have found strong relationships between first language (L1) skills and second language (L2) anxiety, less is known about how L1 skills in primary school impact L2 anxiety years after L1 has been acquired. Previous research lacked evidence for the mediating role of L2 aptitude and L2 achievement in the relationship. This study…
Descriptors: Language Skills, Second Language Learning, Anxiety, Elementary School Students
Yu, Agnes; Bain, Bruce – 1980
This paper explores the different patterns of cognitive behavior of children from varying linguistic, socio-economic, and cultural backgrounds. Several perspectives on cognitive consequences as related to language, class, and culture are presented. The sample consisted of grade one children, one hundred ten boys and one hundred girls between six…
Descriptors: Bilingualism, Children, Cognitive Development, Cognitive Processes