Introduction: Studies have investigated the beginning of the decline in motivation during the transition of students to secondary school, with a low point in year 9. However, there are only a few studies that have researched the course of learning and achievement motivation separately for high-tracking school students, although--following the…

In this study we use data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) to investigate the effect of teachers' motivation on students' scientific literacy and motivation in Colombia. These relationships are explored using a multilevel modeling framework and through the lens of Self-Determination Theory. Although difficulties in…

Positive teacher-student relationships are critical for motivation in secondary school yet are conceptualized and measured inconsistently in motivation research. Motivation studies that draw on relational theories typically treat teacher-student relationships as a multidimensional construct, comprising positive (e.g., closeness) and negative…

Researchers have conducted numerous studies on the positive effects of intrinsic motivation to learn mathematics and the negative impact of mathematics anxiety on students' performance in mathematics literacy. The study examined how the introduction of cognitive activation in mathematics lessons, a mediator variable, would alter these effects…

The present study explores the sources of validity evidence of the mathematics self-concept construct in Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2022 with a focus on concurrent, discriminant, and predictive evidence. Mathematics self-concept was provided with a single index variable in PISA 2022. Using only the U.S. students who…

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships among information and communication technology (ICT) engagement, meta-cognitive strategies and digital reading. Specifically, we used PISA 2018 data to examine whether (a) the behavioural aspect of ICT engagement negatively impacted digital reading, (b) the motivational aspect of ICT…

This study investigates how self-efficacy and motivation predict students' science literacy and career expectations above and beyond their socioeconomic status. A structural equation model built on self-determination theory and self-efficacy was examined using PISA 2015 data from Finland and Japan. The study sample is 5882 and 6647 15-year-old…

Reading engagement is a strong predictor of students' reading outcomes, but its consistent positive effects across diverse student groups remain unclear. Research on the reading engagement of multilingual adolescents is notably limited. We investigated the interactions of affective and cognitive dimensions of reading engagement in relation to…

The increasing use of low-stakes international assessments highlights the importance of test-taking efforts. Previous studies have used self-reported and response time-based measures to examine this effort. Although differences between these measures have been suggested, their association with performances and potential gender gaps remains…

Research on methods for measuring examinee engagement with constructed-response items is limited. The present study used data from the PISA 2018 Reading domain to construct and compare indicators of test-taking effort on constructed-response items: response time, number of actions, the union (combining effortless responses detected by either…

Why are contractors keen to develop, implement, and analyse International Large-Scale Assessments (ILSAs) when they appear to make no financial gains? What, if not monetary profit, makes ILSA contracts so attractive? Almost all ILSA contractors interviewed as part of this project state that their ILSA work is an investment, either in the form of a…

Gender differences in item nonresponse are well-documented in high-stakes achievement tests, where female students are shown to omit more items than male students. These gender differences in item nonresponse are often linked to differential risk-taking strategies, with females being risk-averse and unwilling to guess on an item, even if it could…

There is currently a lack of a more integrated perspective on reading literacy education. In preschool reading activities, it's important to maximize an individual's potential for reading literacy development with limited nurturing energy. Based on self-regulated theory and metacognitive models, this study explored the pathway model of the…

Achievement tests are commonly used in education to evaluate students' academic performance and proficiency in specific subject areas. However, there is a major problem that threatens the validity of achievement test scores which is test-taking disengagement. Respondents provide answers that are inconsistent with their true ability level and can…

In recent years, self-theories such as growth mindset and resilience have gained interest as they have a sizable influence on achievement and school-related motivation. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between immigrant students' growth mindset, resilience, and science achievement in PISA 2018 by considering the mediating…