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Schmidt, William H.; Burroughs, Nathan A.; Zoido, Pablo; Houang, Richard T. – Educational Researcher, 2015
In this paper, student-level indicators of opportunity to learn (OTL) included in the 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment are used to explore the joint relationship of OTL and socioeconomic status (SES) to student mathematics literacy. Using multiple methods, we find consistent evidence that (a) OTL has a significant relationship…
Descriptors: Equal Education, School Role, Educational Opportunities, Educational Indicators