Stratification is an important design feature of many studies using complex sampling designs and it is often used in large-scale assessment (LSA) studies, such as the "Programme for International Student Assessment" (PISA), for two main reasons. First, stratification variables that achieve a high between and low within strata variance…

This study aims to reveal the effectiveness of documentary-based augmented reality applications in environmental education compared to the direct instruction method supported by the question and answer technique. The research was designed as mixed-method research, and the study group consisted of 118 tenth grade students. T-tests were used to…

The issue of model uncertainty has been gaining interest in education and the social sciences community over the years, and the dominant methods for handling model uncertainty are based on Bayesian inference, particularly, Bayesian model averaging. However, Bayesian model averaging assumes that the true data-generating model is within the…