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Tzung-Ruei Tsou – SAGE Open, 2024
The importance of family background in determining a student's academic achievement has long been acknowledged by researchers. Nonetheless, the effect of schooling on this relationship has also been widely investigated. Some studies have shown that family background plays a far stronger role while the effect of schooling is minimal; others have…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Family Characteristics, Academic Achievement, Institutional Characteristics
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Oppedisano, Veruska; Turati, Gilberto – Education Economics, 2015
This paper provides evidence on the sources of differences in inequality in educational scores and their evolution over time in four European countries. Using Programme for International Student Assessment data from the 2000 and the 2006 waves, the paper shows that inequality decreased in Germany and Spain (two "decentralised" schooling…
Descriptors: Evidence, Equal Education, Etiology, Educational Development
von Davier, Matthias; Xu, Xueli; Carstensen, Claus H. – Educational Testing Service, 2009
A general diagnostic model was used to specify and compare two multidimensional item-response-theory (MIRT) models for longitudinal data: (a) a model that handles repeated measurements as multiple, correlated variables over time (Andersen, 1985) and (b) a model that assumes one common variable over time and additional orthogonal variables that…
Descriptors: Models, Item Response Theory, Longitudinal Studies, Measurement