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Yamamoto, Kentaro; He, Qiwei; Shin, Hyo Jeong; von Davier, Mattias – ETS Research Report Series, 2017
Approximately a third of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) items in the core domains (math, reading, and science) are constructed-response items and require human coding (scoring). This process is time-consuming, expensive, and prone to error as often (a) humans code inconsistently, and (b) coding reliability in…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Achievement Tests, International Assessment, Secondary School Students