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Direct linkPokropek, Artur – Large-scale Assessments in Education, 2016
In the social sciences, estimating causal effects is particularly difficult. Gold standards are set by randomized experiments in many cases expensive, unenforceable for ethical and practical reasons. Recent research has drawn attention to techniques that under some conditions, could estimate causal effects on non-experimental observable data. One…
Descriptors: Measurement, International Assessment, Student Evaluation, Attribution Theory
