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Chi, ShaoHui; Wang, Zuhao; Liu, Xiufeng; Zhu, Lei – International Journal of Science Education, 2017
This study investigated the associations among students' attitudes towards science, students' perceived difficulty of learning science, gender, parents' occupations and their scientific competencies. A sample of 1591 (720 males and 871 females) ninth-grade students from 29 junior high schools in Shanghai completed a scientific competency test and…
Descriptors: Difficulty Level, Science Education, Correlation, Student Attitudes
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Ryogi, Matsuoka – Educational Studies in Japan: International Yearbook, 2013
Kariya (2009) proposes a concept of learning competencies to understand how social reproduction occurs in the current context of Japanese society; he argues that students learning competencies are not equally distributed but shaped by their family background, a foundation of unequal socioeconomic inequality. While he contends that learning…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Grade 10, Secondary School Students, Human Capital