Background: Integration of digital tools and resources in STEM instruction has garnered significant attention due to its high potential. Digital professional development is identified as a pivotal factor for equipping teachers with necessary digital skills to effectively orchestrate digital resources. Notably, the role of professional learning…

The Internet has become indispensable to education throughout the world. Despite the growing importance of the Internet, a gap in digital skills and usage according to socioeconomic status--known as the digital divide or digital learning inequality--exists in many countries. Comparative research has focused mainly on the digital divide among…