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Suarez-Alvarez, Javier – OECD Publishing, 2021
Digital technologies have changed how people interact with information. PISA data shows that 15-year-olds increasingly read online to fulfil information needs (e.g. online news versus newspapers). At the same time, technological changes in the digitalisation of communication continue to reshape people's habits (e.g. chats online versus emails).…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Achievement Tests, International Assessment, Secondary School Students
Bakker, Steven – Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 2012
A particular trait of the educational system under socialist reign was accountability at the input side--appropriate facilities, centrally decided curriculum, approved text-books, and uniformly trained teachers--but no control on the output. It was simply assumed that it met the agreed standards, which was, in turn, proven by the statistics…
Descriptors: Accountability, Social Problems, Ethics, Foreign Students