Implementation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in education is defined as the incorporation of ICTs into teaching and learning activities, both inside and outside the classroom. Despite widely studied, there is still no consensus on how it affects student performance. However, before evaluating this, it is crucial to identify…

Evolving information and communication technology (ICT) reshapes people's reading activities by popularizing digital reading. Past studies focused on the relationships between students' frequency of ICT use and reading performance but neglected the possible interrelationships between students' ICT-related psychological factors, school contextual…

The increasing presence of technologies at school has triggered a vivid debate on the way ICT influences students' learning process. Using PISA 2018 data for 15-year-old students and hierarchical linear models, we find an inverted U-shaped relationship between ICT use at school and students' performance in mathematics in 22 OECD countries. In all…

The international academic success of Finnish secondary schooling in the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the triumph of the Finnish technology company NOKIA have stimulated national ambitions to improve higher education institutions in Finland. Because secondary schooling and technology in Finland receive world recognition,…