The world of e-learning can produce inequalities in learning achievements or reproduce inequalities established through years of traditional teaching and learning. A good start to fight the barriers set by less privileged family backgrounds to student learning outcomes in e-learning is to study in what ways students who come from such backgrounds…

With the prevalence of ICT, the concept of reading literacy has evolved to encompass both online reading and printed texts. This study clarifies the relationship between reading printed texts and online electronic texts from the perspective of individual differences in the inner and outer phases of ICT in a partial mediation model. We used the…