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Direct linkChirkina, T. A.; Khavenson, T. E. – Russian Education & Society, 2018
School climate is one of the significant factors determining educational achievement. However, the lack of instruments to measure it has complicated the study of this concept in Russia. We review the history of the study of the concept of "school climate," and we discuss approaches to how it can be defined. We describe the most widely…
Descriptors: Educational Environment, Definitions, Measurement, Questionnaires
Download full textKastberg, David; Chan, Jessica Ying; Murray, Gordon – National Center for Education Statistics, 2016
The Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a system of international assessments that allows countries to compare outcomes of learning as students near the end of compulsory schooling. PISA measures the performance of 15-year-old students in science, reading, and mathematics literacy every 3 years. PISA uses the term…
Descriptors: International Assessment, Achievement Tests, Foreign Countries, Secondary School Students
Ananiadou, Katerina; Claro, Magdalean – OECD Publishing (NJ1), 2009
This paper discusses issues related to the teaching and assessment of 21st century skills and competencies in OECD countries drawing on the findings of a questionnaire study and other relevant background material such as white papers or curriculum documents. Although all OECD countries were invited to participate in the questionnaire survey,…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Educational Policy, Policy Analysis, International Education
