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Direct linkMark Bray; Abdel Rahamane Baba-Moussa – Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2025
This paper examines and builds on an earlier contribution to this journal focusing on private supplementary tutoring -- widely known as shadow education -- in Francophone West and Central Africa. Drawing on wider literature about research methods in this domain, it examines the basis for the numerical estimates presented in the original article…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Tutoring, Supplementary Education, Private Education
Singer, Judith D., Ed.; Braun, Henry I., Ed.; Chudowsky, Naomi, Ed. – National Academy of Education, 2018
Results from international large-scale assessments (ILSAs) garner considerable attention in the media, academia, and among policy makers. Although there is widespread recognition that ILSAs can provide useful information, there is debate about what types of comparisons are the most meaningful and what could be done to assure more sound…
Descriptors: International Education, Educational Assessment, Educational Policy, Data Interpretation
