This joint NESET-EENEE analytical report is based on a detailed literature review of the most recent European and international research on effective approaches to the teaching of literacy, highlighting practices that have been properly evaluated and are supported by evidence of impact. Interest in this subject comes in the light of PISA 2022 student results, which showed a decline in performance in basic reading skills across Europe. The authors of the report have drawn upon over 600 studies of effective teaching practices (both pedagogical and content-specific), support programmes and policies that promote literacy for all children across the EU. The report covers different levels of education and considers the perspective of gender as well as the needs of vulnerable and special needs groups. Lastly, the authors of the report identify key challenges that need to be overcome in order for these practices and policies to be implemented successfully.