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Assuming Measurement Invariance of Background Indicators in International Comparative Educational Achievement Studies: A Challenge for the Interpretation of Achievement Differences
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Wendt, Heike; Kasper, Daniel; Trendtel, Matthias – Large-scale Assessments in Education, 2017
Background: Large-scale cross-national studies designed to measure student achievement use different social, cultural, economic and other background variables to explain observed differences in that achievement. Prior to their inclusion into a prediction model, these variables are commonly scaled into latent background indices. To allow…
Descriptors: Measurement, Achievement Tests, Cultural Differences, Socioeconomic Influences
TIMSS and PIRLS 2011: Relationships among Reading, Mathematics, and Science Achievement at the Fourth Grade--Implications for Early Learning
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Martin, Michael O., Ed.; Mullis, Ina V. S., Ed. – International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 2013
TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) is an international assessment of mathematics and science at the fourth and eighth grades that has been conducted every four years since 1995, with the most recent assessment in 2011. PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study) is an international assessment of reading…
Descriptors: Student Evaluation, Mathematics Achievement, Science Achievement, Grade 4