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Tannenbaum, Richard J.; Wylie, E. Caroline – ETS Research Report Series, 2008
The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) describes language proficiency in reading, writing, speaking, and listening on a 6-level scale. In this study, English-language experts from across Europe linked CEFR levels to scores on three tests: the TOEFL® iBT test, the TOEIC® assessment, and the TOEIC "Bridge"™ test.…
Descriptors: Language Tests, Second Language Learning, English (Second Language), Computer Assisted Testing
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Powers, Donald E. – 1985
Undergraduate English faculty and faculty in six graduate fields were surveyed about students' academic listening needs. The objectives were (1) to obtain perceptions of the importance to academic success of various listening skills and activities, (2) to assess the degree to which both native and non-native speakers experience difficulties with…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, College Faculty, Comparative Analysis, Construct Validity