This study presents the development and empirical validation of score levels and descriptors specifically designed for reporting purposes to provide test takers with more than just a number on a score scale. In the context of a test primarily intended for 11- to 15-year-old students learning English as a second/foreign language, the study examined…

The current study examined the effects of text-based relational (i.e., cohesion), propositional-specific (i.e., lexical), and syntactic features in a source text on subsequent integration of the source text in spoken responses. It further investigated the effects of word integration on human ratings of speaking performance while taking into…

Although the primary use of the speaking section of the Test of English as a Foreign Language Internet-based test (TOEFL[R] iBT Speaking) is to inform admissions decisions at English medium universities, it may also be useful as an initial screening measure for international teaching assistants (ITAs). This study provides criterion-related…