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Text Integration and Speaking Proficiency: Linguistic, Individual Differences, and Strategy Use Considerations

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Crossley, Scott A.; Kim, YouJin – Language Assessment Quarterly, 2019

The current study examined the effects of text-based relational (i.e., cohesion), propositional-specific (i.e., lexical), and syntactic features in a source text on subsequent integration of the source text in spoken responses. It further investigated the effects of word integration on human ratings of speaking performance while taking into…

Descriptors: Individual Differences, Syntax, Oral Language, Speech Communication

Analyzing and Comparing Reading Stimulus Materials across the "TOEFL"® Family of Assessments. "TOEFL iBT"® Research Report. TOEFL iBT-26. ETS Research Report No. RR-15-08

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Chen, Jing; Sheehan, Kathleen M. – ETS Research Report Series, 2015

The "TOEFL"® family of assessments includes the "TOEFL"® Primary"™, "TOEFL Junior"®, and "TOEFL iBT"® tests. The linguistic complexity of stimulus passages in the reading sections of the TOEFL family of assessments is expected to differ across the test levels. This study evaluates the linguistic…

Descriptors: Language Tests, Second Language Learning, English (Second Language), Reading Comprehension