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Download full textHyeonah Kang – Journal of Second Language Acquisition and Teaching, 2022
Using a lexical decision task, Wolter and Yamashita (2015) showed that collocations that exist only in L1 but not in L2 were not processed faster than collocations that only exist in L2 but not in L1 or a random combination of two words. This result seems to support the age/order of acquisition effects (Carroll & White, 1973) over Jiang's…
Descriptors: Language Processing, Phrase Structure, Language Usage, Decision Making
Sasayama, Shoko; Garcia Gomez, Pablo; Norris, John M. – ETS Research Report Series, 2021
This report describes the development of efficient second language (L2) writing assessment tasks designed specifically for low-proficiency learners of English to be included in the "TOEFL® Essentials"™ test. Based on the can-do descriptors of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages for the A1 through B1 levels of…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Language Tests, Second Language Learning, Writing Tests
Papageorgiou, Spiros; Wu, Sha; Hsieh, Ching-Ni; Tannenbaum, Richard J.; Cheng, Mengmeng – ETS Research Report Series, 2019
The past decade has seen an emerging interest in mapping (aligning or linking) test scores to language proficiency levels of external performance scales or frameworks, such as the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR), as well as locally developed frameworks, such as China's Standards of English Language Ability (CSE). Such alignment is…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Language Tests, Second Language Learning, Computer Assisted Testing
Schenck, Andrew; Baldwin, Matthew – Online Submission, 2019
When viewed through a generic, one-size-fits-all perspective, use of input enhancement does not appear effective. Through analysis of individual grammatical features and different learner proficiency levels, a significant impact may be revealed. To study the impact of input enhancement on diverse grammatical features, 16 short reading texts and…
Descriptors: Grammar, Linguistic Input, Language Proficiency, Teaching Methods
Chen, Jing; Sheehan, Kathleen M. – ETS Research Report Series, 2015
The "TOEFL"® family of assessments includes the "TOEFL"® Primary"™, "TOEFL Junior"®, and "TOEFL iBT"® tests. The linguistic complexity of stimulus passages in the reading sections of the TOEFL family of assessments is expected to differ across the test levels. This study evaluates the linguistic…
Descriptors: Language Tests, Second Language Learning, English (Second Language), Reading Comprehension
