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The Longitudinal Development of Grammatical Complexity at the Phrasal and Clausal Levels in Spoken and Written Responses to the "TOEFL iBT"® Test. Research Report. ETS RR-19-45

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Gray, Bethany; Geluso, Joe; Nguyen, Phuong – ETS Research Report Series, 2019

In the present study, we take a longitudinal, corpus-based perspective to investigate short-term (over 9 months) linguistic change in the language produced for the spoken and written sections of the "TOEFL iBT"® test by a group of English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) learners in China. The goal of the study is to identify patterns that…

Descriptors: Grammar, Computer Assisted Testing, Phrase Structure, Language Proficiency

A Usage-Based Investigation of L2 Lexical Acquisition: The Role of Input and Output

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Crossley, Scott; Kyle, Kristopher; Salsbury, Thomas – Modern Language Journal, 2016

This study investigates relations between second language (L2) lexical input and output in terms of word information properties (i.e., lexical salience; Ellis, 2006a). The data for this study come from a longitudinal corpus of naturalistic spoken data between L2 learners and first language (L1) interlocutors collected over a year's time. The…

Descriptors: Language Usage, Language Research, Second Language Learning, Computational Linguistics