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Download full textPapageorgiou, Spiros; Davis, Larry; Norris, John M.; Garcia Gomez, Pablo; Manna, Venessa F.; Monfils, Lora – Educational Testing Service, 2021
The "TOEFL® Essentials"™ test is a new English language proficiency test in the "TOEFL"® family of assessments. It measures foundational language skills and communication abilities in academic and general (daily life) contexts. The test covers the four language skills of reading, listening, writing, and speaking and is intended…
Descriptors: Language Tests, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Language Proficiency
Peer reviewedWinke, Paula; Gass, Susan; Myford, Carol – ETS Research Report Series, 2011
This study investigated whether raters' second language (L2) background and the first language (L1) of test takers taking the TOEFL iBT® Speaking test were related through scoring. After an initial 4-hour training period, a group of 107 raters (mostly of learners of Chinese, Korean, and Spanish), listened to a selection of 432 speech samples that…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Evaluators, Speech Tests, English (Second Language)
Jernigan, Justin – English Language Teaching, 2012
Swain's Output Hypothesis proposes a facilitative effect for output on the acquisition of second language morphosyntax. In the context of classroom instruction, a number of studies and reviews suggest that explicit instruction in pragmatic elements promotes development. Other studies have offered less conclusive evidence of the effectiveness of…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Second Language Instruction, Second Language Learning, Instructional Effectiveness
