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Download full textMoradi, Sholeh; Ghahari, Shima; Abbas Nejad, Mohammad – Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 2020
Cognitive organizers (COs) are text aids which represent objects, concepts, and their relations by the use of symbols and spatial arrangements without adding to semantic content. The present study examines language learners' text comprehension through outlines, a popular CO, compared with text-only condition, and further investigates the effect of…
Descriptors: Multiple Intelligences, Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, English (Second Language)
Young, John W.; Morgan, Rick; Rybinski, Paul; Steinberg, Jonathan; Wang, Yuan – ETS Research Report Series, 2013
The "TOEFL Junior"® Standard Test is an assessment that measures the degree to which middle school-aged students learning English as a second language have attained proficiency in the academic and social English skills representative of English-medium instructional environments. The assessment measures skills in three areas: listening…
Descriptors: Item Response Theory, Test Items, Language Tests, Second Language Learning
