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Gregory J. Heathco – Communication Teacher, 2025
University classrooms are increasingly populated by students with diverse nationalities and native languages (L1). The growing number of students in English-led classrooms who speak English as a second or lower language (L2) may face added difficulties in understanding the specific task objectives or directions, as explained by native-…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Comparative Analysis, Language Processing
Im, Gwan-Hyeok; Cheng, Liying – Language Testing, 2019
The primary purpose of the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC®) is to measure the everyday English skills of individuals, who speak a first language other than English, working in an international environment (ETS, 2015a, 2016a; Powers & Powers, 2015). The TOEIC also has six secondary purposes: (1) to verify the current…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Language Tests, Second Language Learning, Language Proficiency