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Reassessing Weights in Large-Scale Assessments and Multilevel Models
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Umut Atasever; Francis L. Huang; Leslie Rutkowski – Large-scale Assessments in Education, 2025
When analyzing large-scale assessments (LSAs) that use complex sampling designs, it is important to account for probability sampling using weights. However, the use of these weights in multilevel models has been widely debated, particularly regarding their application at different levels of the model. Yet, no consensus has been reached on the best…
Descriptors: Mathematics Tests, International Assessment, Elementary Secondary Education, Foreign Countries
Responsive Early Childhood Parenting, Preschool Enrollment, and Eventual Student Learning Outcomes: A Cross-Country Analysis Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling with TIMSS 2019 Data
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Aditi Bhutoria; Nayyaf Aljabri; Saheli Bose – International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 2025
This paper examines whether parental engagement in early childhood and preschooling act as substitutes, or whether their joint effect enhances students' learning outcomes. We utilize the TIMSS 2019 dataset and employ a hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) approach to analyze data from 52 countries, ensuring a robust examination of cross-national…
Descriptors: Early Childhood Education, Parenting Skills, Child Rearing, Preschool Children