This paper examines and builds on an earlier contribution to this journal focusing on private supplementary tutoring -- widely known as shadow education -- in Francophone West and Central Africa. Drawing on wider literature about research methods in this domain, it examines the basis for the numerical estimates presented in the original article…

This study comes at an opportune moment for Japanese and U.S. educators, policymakers, and researchers given the trends of global policy and equity-based reform. Discussions of academic achievement in both societies allow us to examine accessibility in mathematics education in order to best prepare teachers to serve the needs of students.…

Used data from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study to examine "shadow education" (structured outside-school activities that mimic formal education) as a macro-phenomenon of modern schooling. Findings show shadow education to be prevalent worldwide, but generally remedial in nature, and usually driven by institutional…