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Creed, Peter A.; Conlon, Elizabeth G.; Dhaliwal, Kamal – Journal of Career Assessment, 2013
We used two studies to evaluate, modify, and provide initial validation for a revised Academic Hardiness scale. First, 16 experts rated scale items for content validity and identified two problematic questions. Second, confirmatory factor analyses with 300 Grade 10 students (46% boys, age range 14-17) identified a 17-item version to be the best…
Descriptors: Measures (Individuals), Test Validity, Content Validity, Factor Analysis

Hale, Robert L. – Journal of School Psychology, 1981
Investigated the efficacy of predicting academic achievement as measured by the Wide Range Achievement Test using the factor scores of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised as potential predictors. Results indicated that the freedom from distractibility factor score significantly aided in the prediction of reading and spelling…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Elementary School Students, Elementary Secondary Education, Factor Analysis