County school superintendents' thoughts on education in 1845, drawn from the New York State superintendent's annual report and analyzed in this article, provide an enriching historical perspective for today's administrator. (MCG)

Maintains that the nature and role of geography within social studies has been a major area of debate since 1916. Asserts that geography relies too heavily on rote memorization of facts and neglects geographic thinking. Contends that geography teachers share the blame for this and must change their teaching and evaluation methods. (CFR)