Twenty years ago, Weinstein and associates' (2003) Culturally Responsive Classroom Management (CRCM) framework began a conversation regarding the lack of cultural neutrality within traditional classroom management practices. Despite the framework's growing attention throughout previous literature, there has yet to be substantive changes in U.S.…

Students tend to perform at the academic level expected of them. Although most expectation research has centered investigation of decontextualized teacher-student dyads to understand whether students behaviorally confirm their teacher's expectation, we now know that expectations operate at whole-group or system levels. Since underestimation is…