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Pinxten, Maarten; De Fraine, Bieke; Van Damme, Jan; D'Haenens, Ellen – British Journal of Educational Psychology, 2010
Background: The relation between academic self-concept and achievement has been examined in a large number of studies. The majority of these studies have found evidence for a reciprocal effects model. However, there is an ongoing debate on how students' achievement should be measured and whether the type of achievement indicator (grades, tests,…
Descriptors: Standardized Tests, Academic Achievement, Comparative Analysis, Retention (Psychology)
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Felson, Richard B. – American Sociologist, 1991
Criticizes the use of blame analysis rather than scientific analysis in sociological studies. Defines blame analysis as an approach to social science that (1) evaluates theories according to the extent that they blame protected groups; (2) equates cause with blame; (3) and rejects theoretical arguments that posit any causal role for the protected…
Descriptors: Attribution Theory, Battered Women, Causal Models, Evaluation Methods