The spectrum of teaching styles is a continuum of seven models: command, task, reciprocal, individual (teacher-designed), guided discovery, problem solving, and individual program (student-designed). A progression through these styles increasingly promotes student responsibility in decisions regarding teacher-learner transactions. Major categories…

Offers a model which can be used to describe any given second language teaching method, as well as analyze different methods for their internal adequacy, similarities, and differences. (EKN)

Contends that metaphorical thinking can help teachers and students construct new contexts for instruction and learning. Describes the use of metaphors as the basis for a preservice elementary social studies education course. (CFR)

Discusses the need to individualize instruction. Presents a model for such instruction based on learning efficiency. Outlines the model in terms of its impact on the learner, instructional materials and media, instructional methods, the teacher, and the teaching and learning environment. (TW)

Introduces a two-step instructional model that promotes independence in reading comprehension by transferring responsibility for strategy use to the students throughout the course of instruction. Includes extended examples. (NKA)

This guide provides conceptual as well as practical information for meeting the needs of all learners in heterogeneous classrooms. The first six sections discuss the growing heterogeneity in today's classrooms, the rationale for differentiated teaching and learning, the changing roles of teachers and students, the importance of creating classroom…